What type of navigation aids are commonly used in instrument flight?

In instrument flight, pilots rely heavily on radio navigation aids, which provide essential information for navigation in reduced visibility and challenging weather conditions. VORs (VHF Omnidirectional Range) and NDBs (Non-Directional Beacons) are key components of this navigation system. VORs allow pilots to determine their position relative to the station and are versatile for en route navigation and airport approaches, while NDBs provide a basic directional aid using low-frequency radio waves, helping pilots maintain situational awareness.

Unlike visual markers on the ground, which are primarily used in visual flight rules (VFR), radio navigation aids do not depend on clear visibility conditions. Light signals from control towers are also not a primary means of navigation during instrument flight; they are typically used for communication in specific airport situations. Relying solely on GPS systems, while common in modern navigation, does not encompass the full array of traditional radio navigation aids that many practitioners continue to utilize as part of their instrument flying skill sets. Therefore, radio navigation aids such as VORs and NDBs are the most reliable and widely applicable options for navigation during instrument flight.